Can you smell this? It’s the fragrance of gunpowder! Let us then investigate the “smoking gun”! Oh, I love this expression! But why do we relate the expression, “smoking gun”, to astrophysical neutrinos? The answer is simple. We cannot observe particles being accelerated to high energies in situ. To be more precise, we cannot observe protons/nuclei gaining energy of the order of 1015 eV (or even 1020 eV sometimes) in the distant Universe. Then, how can we study these kinds of particles? Indirectly of course! Just let these protons/nuclei gain enough energy so as to be able to interact with their ambient medium and voila! The interactions of accelerated protons/nuclei…
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